"Boxer" primers are the most commonly used commercial priming system. The primers itself has a cup and "anvil" and the primer pocket in the case has one flash hole in the center of the pocket. This makes it easy to punch out the old primer with a simple pin punch.
"Berdan" primers do not use the "anvil", it is formed into the case head and thus there are two flash holes on either side of the anvil. This makes the Berdan much harder to reload.
Basically, if you are looking at deprimed brass, the Boxer will have one large hole, and the Berdan will have two small holes. Traditional reloading is done with the Boxer style.
Oddly, Berdan primers were designed here in the states and are now used only in foreign countries. Boxer primers were designed in Russia, and are primarily used here in the US.
The Boxer primer was designed and patented by Edward Boxer in England in the late 1860's
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